Psycho medicine

  The pons -middle part of the brain stem. -connecting the midbrain with the medulla. -pons means “bridge”. It connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by the tracts' - relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. - It contains the nuclei of V-VII cranial nerves. - has the  pneumotaxic  and  apneustic  centers which help to control respiration. External structure - two surfaces, ventral and dorsal - ventral or anterior surface is convex in both direction and is transversely striated. - median plane it shows a vertical basilar groove,  sulcus basilaris  which lodges the basilar artery. - Laterally the surface is continuous with  the middle cerebellar peduncles , pedunculi cerebellares medii. - formed by the axons of  pontine nuclei - connect the right and left sides of the pons with the cerebellum. - rootlets of the trigeminal nerve (V pair of cranial nerve) emerge at the juncti

  The midbrain   -The midbrain, mesencephalon, connects the hindbrain with the forebrain. -Its cavity is known as the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius),  aqueductus cerebri : connects the third ventricle with the fourth. midbrain connects the pons and diencephalon conveys  motor impulses  from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends  sensory impulses  from the spinal cord to the thalamus regulates  auditory and visual reflexes . It also contains the nuclei of origin for  III and IV cranial  nerves.   External structure posterior (inferior) part of the midbrain is formed by cerebral peduncles,  pedunculi cerebri The anterior (superior) part is the  tectum  with  lámina quadrigémina. it is made of the superior and inferior colliculi , colliculi superiores et inferiors Each of the colliculus is connected to the appropriate  geniculate body of the metathalamus  (the diencephalon). superior colliculus is connected to the  lateral geniculate body , corpus geniculatum late

   The telencephalon The telencephalon or endbrain It controls human mental and intellectual activity. The telencephalon includes the cerebral hemispheres their commissures and cavities Each cerebral hemisphere has an  external  layer of neurons, the  cortex  or  pallium , an internal mass of neuronal processes, deeply situated  basal nuclei  (núclei basáles) and rhinencéphalon.   The  lateral ventricles  (ventriculi lateráles) are the  cavity  of the telencephalon. Two hemispheres are connected by  córpus callósum  that consists of  transverse white fibers . Anterior part of the corpus callosum flexes inferiorly and forms the genu,  génu córporis callósi . Under the corpus callosum is  fórnix , which consists of two bundles of white fibers.       - Anteriorly these fibers diverge and form  colúmnae fórnicis , - posteriorly –  crúrae fórnicis. - Between colú mnae fórnicis and génu córporis callósi is a transparent lamina –  septum pellúcidum.   The brain cortex The brain cortex,  pálli